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Table of Contents<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>1 Foreword</p>

<p>Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla, Joachim Funke & Michael Wink 1</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>2 Intelligence: theoretical foundations and practical applications. A multi- and interdisciplinary summary</p>

<p>Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla 7</p>

<p>Introduction ............................ 7 </p>

<p>Section 1: Biological Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 </p>

<p>Section 2: The Psychology of Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 </p>

Section 3: Mathematical and Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . 17 <p></p>

<p>Section 4: Artificial and human intelligence . . . . . . . . 19 </p>

<p>Section 5: Economic Intelligence ............... 21 </p>

<p>Section 6: Cultural Intelligence ................. 22</p>

<p>Section 7: Political Intelligence and Wisdom . . . . . . . .</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>3 On the neurobiology of intelligence </p>

<p>Andreas Draguhn.</p>

<p>1 Introduction...........................</p>

<p>2 Why think? The evolution of intelligence . . . . . . . . .</p>

<p>3 Are there "intelligent brains"? ................</p>

<p>4 Subtle differences - why aren't we all equally smart?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>4 The intelligent game with coincidences and election</p>

<p>Claudia Erbar & Peter Leins</p>

<p>1 Preliminary remarks ......................... 68 </p>

<p>2 Optimization as evolutive goal.................. 70</p>

<p>3 On intelligent strategies .................... 97 </p>

<p>4 Concluding comments................... 110</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>5 Intelligence in the animal kingdom</p>

<p>Michael Wink 117</p>

<p>1 Introduction ............................ 118</p>

<p>2 Tool use in the animal kingdom ................. 120</p>

<p>3 Tradition of tricks....................... 130</p>

<p>4 Planning and insight ....................... 132</p>

<p>5 Cognition and social Intelligence ................ 134</p>

<p>6 Brain structures ......................... 136</p>

<p>7 Outlook.............................. 136</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>6 Intelligence: evolutionary biological foundations and perspectives</p>

<p>Thomas Holstein 141</p>

<p>1 Introduction ............................ 142</p>

<p>2 Foundations of neuronal cognition ................ 143</p>

<p>3 The first nervous Systems .................... 143</p>

<p>4 Cognition in invertebrates.................... 147</p>

<p>5 Cognition in vertebrates..................... 150</p>

<p>6 Cognition in hominids..................... 152</p>

<p>7 From the intelligence of homo sapiens to artificial intelligence?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>7 When intelligence is impaired</p>

<p>Gudrun A. Rappold 165</p>

<p>1 David and the FOXP1 syndrome ................. 165</p>

<p>2 Autism spectrum disorder ................... 167</p>

<p>3 Intelligence quotient, giftedness and mental retardation . 168</p>

<p>4 Higher risk of disease in boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169</p>

<p>5 The life ount....................... 170</p>

<p>6 Abdominal and headbrain work together . . . . . . . . . . . . 171</p>

<p>7 FOXP1 and its closely related "language development gene" FOXP2 .............................. 172</p>

<p>8 Intelligence and intellectual disability - Two sides of the same medal? </p>

<p>9 The Plasticity of the brain .................... 173</p>

<p>10 Animal models as important intermediate steps to understanding . . . 174</p>

<p>11 Life perspectives........................ 175</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>8 Intelligence: The psychological view</p>

Joachim Funke 181<p></p>

<p>1 Introduction ........................... 181</p>

<p>2 Definitory .......................... 182</p>

<p>3 Theoretical ........................... 183</p>

<p>4 Methodological ......................... 188</p>

<p>5 Critical ............................. 188</p>

<p>6 Artificial and Human .................. 191</p>

<p>7 Concluding.......................... 193</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>9 Interpersonal Intelligence</p>

Sabine C. Herpertz 199<p></p>

<p>1 Introduction and explanations of terms................. 200</p>

<p>2 Development of Interpersonal Intelligence: a neuroscientific look ................ 202</p>

<p>3 Development of Interpersonal Intelligence: a look at early learning history . . . . . . . . . .</p>

<p>4 How is interpersonal intelligence measured? . . . . .</p>

<p>5 Interpersonal intelligence and personality disorders.</p>

<p>6 Outlook.............................. 212</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>10 Development of intelligence in the context of the use of digital media</p>

<p>Katajun Lindenberg & Ulrike Basten 219</p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 220</p>

<p>2 Influence of video games on cognitive development . . . . 221</p>

<p>3 Influence of media multitasking on cognitive development 225</p>

<p>4 Influence of addictive video game use on cognitive</p>

<p>Development............................ 232</p>

<p>5 Interactions of media use and intelligence . . . . . 238</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>11 Metacognitive myopia - obstacle to intelligent behavior and failure of evolution?</p>

<p>Klaus Fiedler, Florian Ermark & Karolin Salmen 255</p>

<p>1 Introduction: rationality as the epitome of intelligent behavior . . 256</p>

<p>2 Metacognition........................... 260</p>

<p>3 Conclusions........................ 269</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>12 Intelligent algorithms and equations? - An approach to the intelligence of mathematical concepts</p>

<p>Thomas Stiehl & Anna Marciniak-Czochra 279</p>

<p>1 What is Intelligence?........................ 279</p>

<p>2 Why do we need mathematical intelligence? . . . . . . . . 281</p>

<p>3 What is mechanistic modeling? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282</p>

<p>4 What can mechanistic modeling be used for? . . . 285</p>

<p>5 Techniques and tools .................... 291</p>

<p>6 Examples of mathematical modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . 292</p>

<p>7 Data-Driven Processes .................... 296</p>

<p>8 Outlook.............................. 299</p>

<p>9 Conclusion ......................... 299</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>13 Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms - True Progress or just digital alchemy?</p>

<p>Vincent Heuveline & Viola Stiefel 305</p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 306</p>

<p>2 Strong versus weak KI .................... 307</p>

<p>3 Weak KIs Mathematics................... 308</p>

<p>4 Algorithms for KI ........................ 310</p>

<p>5 AI as Blackbox.......................... 312</p>

<p>6 Interpretable AI as a possible solution path . . . . . . . . . . 314</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>14 Statistics and intelligence - a changing relationship</p>

<p>Christel Weiss 319</p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 319</p>

<p>2 Statistical methods for measuring intelligence . . . . . . . 321</p>

<p>3 The influence of intelligence in data analysis . . . . . . . . . 327</p>

<p>4 Conclusions........................ 335</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>15 Human and artificial intelligence - a critical comparison</p>

<p>Thomas Fuchs 347</p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 347 </p>

<p>2 Persons are not programs ................. 352 </p>

<p>3 Programs are not people ................. 355 </p>

<p>4 Résumé: Simulation and Original................ 359</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>16 Emotional robotics - curse or blessing in psychiatric care?</p>

<p>Ines Al-Ameery-Brosche & Franz Resch </p>

<p>1 An Introduction .......................... 364</p>

<p>2 Artificial social-emotional intelligence - child and adolescent psychiatric perspectives </p>

<p>3 Robotics and apparatus ...................... 370</p>

<p>4 Societal consequences ..................... 371</p>

<p>5 Robotics and psychotherapy ................... 373</p>

<p>6 Robotics and psychotherapy - a conclusion </p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>17 Human and artificial intelligence in medicine </p>

<p>Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz</p>

<p>1 The disruptive use of information </p>

<p>2 Applications of artificial intelligence in medicine </p>

<p>3 Implications for medical data networking </p>

<p>4 Health data management: Who owns medical data?</p>

<p>5 Why do we need artificial intelligence methods for the Processing of Health Data? </p>

<p>6 Why is the Internet of Medicine (IoM) evolving so much later than the Internet of Things (IoT)? </p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>18 The Industrialization of Intelligence</p>

<p>Michael Byczkowski & Magdalena Görtz 395 </p>

<p>1 On striving for knowledge ................... 395 </p>

<p>2 From observation to experience ................. 397 </p>

<p>3 From experience to cognition .................. 397</p>

<p>4 From knowledge to skills.................. 398</p>

<p>5 The dissemination of knowledge.................. 399</p>

<p>6 The dissemination of skills ................. 399</p>

<p>7 From experience directly to skills............... 401</p>

<p>8 From data to artificial intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403</p>

<p>9 From correlations to causalities ................ 405</p>

<p>10 Models as images of reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406</p>

<p>11 Outlook.............................. 407</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>19 Intelligent strategies: Correct recognition and good selection in a complex world</p>

<p>Dietrich Firnhaber </p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 414</p>

<p>2 Recognizing and using the essential factors in a complex world .......................... 418</p>

<p>3 Selecting the appropriate options ................ 423</p>

<p>4 Open implementation ........................ 426</p>

<p>5 Concluding remarks ........................ 428</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

20 Intelligence in and with literature<p></p>

<p>Vera Nünning </p>

<p>1 Why intelligence and literature? Research desiderata, conceptual determinations and central theses ................ 433</p>

<p>2 The Representation of intelligence in Ian McEwan's ‘Machines Like Me’: Contrasting different types of intelligence and potential for conflict ....................... 439</p>

<p>3 The Representation of intelligence in Kazuo Ishiguro's ‘Klara and the Sun’: Empathy and Harmony ................... 444</p>

<p>4 Fostering emotional and social intelligence through experience with literary works&nbsp; 447</p>

<p>5 Literature as a medium for reflecting on intelligence, ethics, and wisdom ..............453</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>21 Cultural Intelligence in Literature: Giovanni Boccaccio's 'The Novella of the Falcon'</p>

<p>Christof Weiand 463</p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 463</p>

<p>2 Cultural intelligence, or cleverness and stupidity in literature</p>

<p>3 Giovanni Boccaccio: The 'Falcon's Novella' …..467</p>

<p>4 The Literary World of Decameron............... 469</p>

<p>5 The Protagonists of the 'Falcon Novella' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472</p>

<p>6 Cultural Intelligence in the Decameron ............... 478</p>

<p>7 The 'Falcon Novel' in the prism of psychological intelligence research ............... 479</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>22 Meta-Intelligence: Understanding, Control, and Coordination of Higher Cognitive Processes</p>

<p>Robert J. Sternberg 487</p>

<p>1 Introduction</p>

<p>2 Relations among Intelligence, Creativity, Wisdom, and Related Constructs</p>

<p>3 The Nature of Meta-Intelligence </p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>23 Intelligentia Dei - Artificial Intelligence, Human Reason and Divine Wisdom</p>

<p>Manfred Oeming </p>

<p>1 Introduction ............................ 504</p>

<p>2 Power of religious language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504</p>

<p>3 Divine intelligence in the advertising showcase . . . . . . . 510</p>

<p>4 Function of God's Intelligence.................. 512</p>

<p>5 Conclusion................................ 526</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>24 Political Intelligence? A view from practice between politics and science</p>

Theresia Bauer <p></p>

<p>A Situation Report.......................... 531</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>25 Political Intelligence and Wisdom</p>

<p>Sebastian Harnisch </p>

<p>1 Introduction............................. 541 </p>

<p>2 Theories of international relations and political Intelligence </p>

<p>3 End of political intelligence?................. 553</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

List of persons 561

<p><b>Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla, </b>MD is a professor of psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine,&nbsp;and psychotherapy at the University of Heidelberg and the Universidad de&nbsp;Chile, among others. He also works as a counsellor and training psychoanalyst&nbsp;(IPA). In his functions as a professor and as a clinician he was confronted with various&nbsp;forms of intelligence and creativity. He reflected his experiences under neuroscientific,&nbsp;psychological and cultural perspectives in several German books:&nbsp;“Creativity – Concept and Life-Style,” “Creativity between Construction and&nbsp;Destruction,” “Passion – Goethe’s Path to Creativity” (available also in English,&nbsp;Spanish, and Italian), “Integrative Psychotherapy” (also available in Italian and&nbsp;English with the title “The Recovered Voice – Tales of Practical Psychotherapy”),&nbsp;“The Art of Counselling and Psychotherapy” (available in English and Spanish).</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><b>Prof. Dr. Michael Wink</b> is a full time professor of pharmaceutical biology at the University of Heidelberg, where he has served as the head of the Biology Department at the Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology since 1989. He has been working as a senior professor at Heidelberg University since late 2019. After studying biology and chemistry at the University of Bonn, he conducted research in Braunschweig, Cologne, Munich and Mainz. His fields of work range from phytochemistry, medicinal and poisonous plants, ornithology and natural treasures to systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary research. He is extensively published, as an author/co-author of more than 20 books and over 1000 original papers. He is a visiting professor at universities in China, Thailand, Argentina, and Mexico, as well as a member of various scientific advisory boards, editor of several journals, and recipient of several awards.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<b>Prof. Dr. H.C. Joachim </b>Funke has been Professor of experimental and theoretical psychology at the Psychology Department of Heidelberg University since 1997. He received his doctorate from the University of Trier in 1984. In 1990 he worked on his habilitation at the University of Bonn. Funke has been a visiting professor at various universities, including Fribourg (Switzerland), Melbourne (Australia), Nanjing (China), and Szeged (Hungary). His primary research interests include thinking, creativity, and problem solving. Funke has published numerous articles in international journals, contributed chapters to textbooks, and edited and published his own books. From 2010 to 2014, he served as chair of the International Expert Commission on Problem Solving in the OECD's global PISA studies. He is credited with a shift in the understanding of problem solving that changes the perspective from static to dynamic problem-solving activities. In 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Hungarian University of Szeged for his contributions to the computer-based assessment of problem-solving processes. From October 2011 to March 2019, Funke served as speaker of the university's Academic Senate. His retirement began in April 2019.&nbsp;

<p>Intelligence allows people to understand events and to shape their surrounding environment. This book delves deeper into the theories and applications of intelligence, showing it is a multifaceted concept —defined and explained differently by prestigious experts of various disciplines in their own research. The book provides interdisciplinary connections of intelligence as it relates to a variety of clearly outlined subject areas, and should lead to a deep understanding of the phenomenon as it pertains to practical applications in different domains.</p>

Contributors in this volume present results from evolutionary biology, mathematics, artificial intelligence, medicine, psychology, cultural studies, economy, political sciences and philosophy. Individual scientific models are integrated in an interdisciplinary concept of wisdom. This volume will help enhance the common understanding of intelligence for fellow researchers and scientists alike.<p></p>

<p>Prestigious experts of various disciplines present their results</p><p>Enhance the common understanding of intelligence</p><p>Provides practical applications in different domains. </p>