Details

Life in the Open Ocean


Life in the Open Ocean

The Biology of Pelagic Species
1. Aufl.

von: Joseph J. Torres, Thomas G. Bailey

40,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 14.01.2022
ISBN/EAN: 9781119840312
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 1008

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Beschreibungen

<b>Life in the Open Ocean</b> <p><i>Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species</i> provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean’s pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa. <p>Bringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource: <ul><li>Explains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment</li> <li>Covers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception </li> <li>Treats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community</li> <li>Includes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm</li></ul> <p><i>Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species</i> is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology.
<p>Preface xviii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xx</p> <p><b>1 Physics and the Physical Environment 1</b></p> <p>The Vastness of the Open Ocean 2</p> <p>The Properties of Water 2</p> <p>Density 4</p> <p>Viscosity 5</p> <p>Reynolds Number 6</p> <p>Drag 7</p> <p>Temperature 8</p> <p>The Oceans and Ocean Basins 9</p> <p>Ocean Circulation 10</p> <p>Surface Currents: Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 10</p> <p>Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow 15</p> <p>Upwelling 16</p> <p>Deep-Ocean Circulation 16</p> <p>Water Masses 18</p> <p>Oxygen 24</p> <p>Pressure 24</p> <p>Sound 26</p> <p>Light 29</p> <p>Absorption and Scattering 31</p> <p>Traditional Depth Zones in the Ocean 33</p> <p>Concluding Thoughts 34</p> <p>References 35</p> <p><b>2 Physiological Accommodation to Environmental Challenges 36</b></p> <p>Temperature 37</p> <p>Terms 38</p> <p>Temperature Effects on Survival: The Tolerance Polygon 39</p> <p>Temperature Effects on Rate Processes – The Q<sub>10</sub> Approximation 41</p> <p>Patterns of Thermal Acclimation 43</p> <p>Climatic Adaptation in Ectotherms 44</p> <p>Temperature Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Concentration: The Quantitative Strategy for Short-term Change 47</p> <p>Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Quality – Isozymes, Allozymes, and Temperature Adaptation 47</p> <p>What Properties of Enzymes Can Be Changed? 51</p> <p>Lipids and Temperature 53</p> <p>A Membrane Primer 54</p> <p>Pressure 59</p> <p>Early Work 60</p> <p>Later Work 61</p> <p>Whole Animal Work 63</p> <p>Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Pressure 64</p> <p>Pressure and Membranes 68</p> <p>Oxygen 69</p> <p>Severity of Oxygen Minima, “Dead Zones,” and the Intertidal 71</p> <p>Adaptations to Oxygen Minima 71</p> <p>The Aerobic Strategy 71</p> <p>Salinity 75</p> <p>Depth 77</p> <p>Concluding Thoughts 83</p> <p>References 84</p> <p><b>3 The Cnidaria 89</b></p> <p>Introduction 89</p> <p>Classification 89</p> <p>History 89</p> <p>Classification Schemes 90</p> <p>Phylum Cnidaria 91</p> <p>Subphylum Medusozoa 91</p> <p>Subphylum Anthozoa 91</p> <p>Subphylum Myxozoa 91</p> <p>The Hydromedusae 92</p> <p>Morphology Basics 92</p> <p>Morphological Detail and Life Histories 95</p> <p>The Scyphomedusae 99</p> <p>Basic Characteristics 99</p> <p>Morphological Detail and Life Histories 101</p> <p>General 101</p> <p>Coronatae 101</p> <p>Semaeostomae 102</p> <p>Rhizostomae 104</p> <p>The Cubomedusae 105</p> <p>Foraging Strategies 105</p> <p>General Considerations 106</p> <p>The Cnidae 107</p> <p>Venoms 108</p> <p>Interaction with Prey 109</p> <p>Direct Interception 110</p> <p>Encounter Zone 110</p> <p>The Model 114</p> <p>Swimming and Hunting Behavior 115</p> <p>Water Flow and Swimming 115</p> <p>Attraction Between Predator and Prey 116</p> <p>Diets, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations 117</p> <p>Rogue Hydroids: Predatory Polyps in the Midwater 119</p> <p>Feeding in the Cubomedusae 120</p> <p>Locomotion 121</p> <p>The Mesoglea 123</p> <p>Nerve Nets and Nervous Control of Swimming 124</p> <p>Senses and Sensory Mechanisms 125</p> <p>The Siphonophores 127</p> <p>Terminology and Affinities of Siphonophore “Persons” 128</p> <p>Whole Animal Organization 134</p> <p>Life Histories 137</p> <p>The Siphonophore Conundrum 137</p> <p>Feeding 138</p> <p>Fishing Behavior 138</p> <p>Digestion 139</p> <p>Diets and Selectivity 139</p> <p>Ecological Importance 141</p> <p>Locomotion 141</p> <p>Buoyancy 143</p> <p>Vertical Distribution 144</p> <p>Diurnal Vertical Migration 146</p> <p>Geographical Distribution 147</p> <p>Organization and Sensory Mechanisms 147</p> <p>Epithelial Conduction vs. Neural Conduction 148</p> <p>The Cnidaria Formerly Known as Chondrophora 150</p> <p>Classification 150</p> <p>Characteristics of the Chondrophoran Medusa 151</p> <p>Evolution Within the Chondrophora 151</p> <p>Feeding in the Chondrophora 151</p> <p>Locomotion 151</p> <p>References 153</p> <p><b>4 The Ctenophora 159</b></p> <p>Introduction 159</p> <p>Classification 159</p> <p>History 159</p> <p>Classification Schemes 160</p> <p>Ctenophore Basics 161</p> <p>Morphology 162</p> <p>Cydippida 162</p> <p>Lobata 165</p> <p>Cestida 168</p> <p>Beroida 168</p> <p>Platyctenida 168</p> <p>Ganeshida 171</p> <p>Thalassocalycida 173</p> <p>Foraging Strategies 173</p> <p>General Considerations 173</p> <p>Interaction with Prey 173</p> <p>The Cydippids 173</p> <p>The Lobates 174</p> <p>The Cestids 175</p> <p>The Beroids 175</p> <p>The Platyctenids 178</p> <p>The Ganeshids 178</p> <p>The Thalassocalycids 178</p> <p>Specialists 178</p> <p>Diet, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations 178</p> <p>Ctenophores as Invasive Species 179</p> <p>Digestion 181</p> <p>Nerves and Sense Organs: Coordination and Conduction 181</p> <p>Locomotion 182</p> <p>Distribution 185</p> <p>Ctenophores and Evolution 186</p> <p>References 189</p> <p><b>5 The Nemertea 192</b></p> <p>Introduction 192</p> <p>Classification 193</p> <p>History 193</p> <p>Of Germ Layers and Body Cavities 194</p> <p>Hydrostatic Skeletons 197</p> <p>Classification 200</p> <p>Morphology 200</p> <p>Proboscis Apparatus 202</p> <p>The Pelagic Body Form and Locomotion 204</p> <p>Color 205</p> <p>Nervous System 205</p> <p>Sense Organs 207</p> <p>Circulatory System 207</p> <p>Excretory System 209</p> <p>Digestive System 211</p> <p>Reproduction 213</p> <p>Development 215</p> <p>Foraging Strategies 215</p> <p>Vertical and Geographic Distributions 215</p> <p>References 217</p> <p><b>6 The Annelida 219</b></p> <p>Introduction 219</p> <p>History 221</p> <p>Classification 222</p> <p>Phylum Annelida 224</p> <p>Class Polychaeta 224</p> <p>Subclass Echiura 225</p> <p>Subclass Errantia 226</p> <p>Class Clitellata 226</p> <p>Subclass Oligochaeta 227</p> <p>Subclass Hirudinea 228</p> <p>The Pelagic Polychaetes 228</p> <p>Polychaete Subclass Errantia 229</p> <p>Order Phyllodocida 229</p> <p>Polychaete Subclass Sedentaria 229</p> <p>Order Terebellida 231</p> <p>Morphology 231</p> <p>General 231</p> <p>External Anatomy 233</p> <p>The Head Region 234</p> <p>The Trunk or Metastomial Region 236</p> <p>Internal Anatomy 239</p> <p>Excretory System 241</p> <p>Pelagic Species 243</p> <p>The Nervous System 244</p> <p>Sense Organs 244</p> <p>Circulatory System 246</p> <p>Pelagic Species 249</p> <p>Gas Exchange 249</p> <p>Pelagic Species 249</p> <p>Digestive System 250</p> <p>Reproduction 251</p> <p>Epitoky 252</p> <p>Synchronicity 252</p> <p>The Pelagic Species 254</p> <p>Tomopteris 254</p> <p>Alciopini and Lopadorrynchidae 254</p> <p>Development 255</p> <p>Locomotion 255</p> <p>Foraging Strategies 256</p> <p>The Hunters 256</p> <p>Diets 258</p> <p>The Suspension Feeders 258</p> <p>Poeobiidae, Chaetopteridae 259</p> <p>Distributions 259</p> <p>Geographical 259</p> <p>Vertical 267</p> <p>Bioluminescence 267</p> <p>References 268</p> <p><b>7 The Crustacea 273</b></p> <p>Introduction 273</p> <p>Arthropod Classification 273</p> <p>History 273</p> <p>Subphylum Crustacea 276</p> <p>Subphylum Hexapoda 277</p> <p>Subphylum Myriapoda 277</p> <p>Subphylum Chelicerata 277</p> <p>Panarthropoda Phyla 277</p> <p>Phylum Onychophora 277</p> <p>Phylum Tardigrada 277</p> <p>Synopsis of Universal Arthropod Characteristics 278</p> <p>The Crustacea 280</p> <p>Characteristics 281</p> <p>Classification 281</p> <p>Subphylum Crustacea 283</p> <p>Class Remipedia 283</p> <p>Class Cephalocarida 283</p> <p>Class Branchiopoda 283</p> <p>Class Copepoda 283</p> <p>Class Thecostraca 283</p> <p>Class Tantulocarida 283</p> <p>Class Mystacocarida 283</p> <p>Class Branchiura 283</p> <p>Class Pentastomida 284</p> <p>Class Ostracoda 284</p> <p>Class Malacostraca 284</p> <p>Subclass Phyllocarida 284</p> <p>Subclass Hoplocarida 284</p> <p>Subclass Eumalacostraca 284</p> <p>Crustacean Systems 292</p> <p>Integument and Molting 292</p> <p>Integument 292</p> <p>Molting 293</p> <p>Joints and Appendages 296</p> <p>Joints 296</p> <p>Appendages 297</p> <p>Excretory System 297</p> <p>Extra-renal Mechanisms 301</p> <p>How the System Works 303</p> <p>Nitrogen Excretion 303</p> <p>The Nervous System and Sensory Mechanisms 303</p> <p>The Central Nervous System 303</p> <p>Sensory Modalities 305</p> <p>Photoreception 305</p> <p>Mechanoreception 308</p> <p>Chemoreception 310</p> <p>Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 311</p> <p>Circulation and Oxygen Transport in the Blood: Hemocyanin 317</p> <p>Digestive System 318</p> <p>Basic Development 319</p> <p>The Micronektonic Crustacea 319</p> <p>The Pelagic Eucarida 321</p> <p>Order Euphausiacea 321</p> <p>Ecological Factors 339</p> <p>Order Decapoda 346</p> <p>Infraorder Anomura; Superfamily Galatheoidea; Family Munididae; Genera Pleuroncodes, Munida, and Cervimunida 378</p> <p>Order Amphionidacea 379</p> <p>Superorder Peracarida 380</p> <p>Orders Lophogastrida and Mysida 380</p> <p>Order Amphipoda 397</p> <p>Cameo Players 420</p> <p>References 424</p> <p><b>8 The Mollusca 439</b></p> <p>Introduction 439</p> <p>Classification 440</p> <p>History 440</p> <p>The Pelagic Molluscs 441</p> <p>Phylum Mollusca 442</p> <p>Class Caudofoveata 442</p> <p>Class Solenogastres 442</p> <p>Class Monoplacophora 442</p> <p>Class Polyplacophora 442</p> <p>Class Scaphopoda 443</p> <p>Class Bivalvia 444</p> <p>Class Gastropoda 445</p> <p>Class Cephalopoda 445</p> <p>Body Organization 445</p> <p>The Gastropoda 445</p> <p>Classification 445</p> <p>Class Gastropoda 449</p> <p>Classification Below Subclass Given for Pelagic Species Only 449</p> <p>Gastropod Systems and Structures 451</p> <p>The Digestive Tract 451</p> <p>Circulation 454</p> <p>Respiration 457</p> <p>Excretion 461</p> <p>Shell Formation 464</p> <p>The Nervous System 466</p> <p>Sensory Mechanisms 469</p> <p>The Pelagic Gastropods: Anatomy and Habits 475</p> <p>The Janthinid Snails 475</p> <p>The Heteropods 477</p> <p>The Pteropods 491</p> <p>Order Pteropoda 492</p> <p>The Nudibranchs 516</p> <p>The Cephalopoda 525</p> <p>Classification 528</p> <p>Basic Anatomy of the Major Cephalopod Groups 529</p> <p>General 529</p> <p>The Nautilida 529</p> <p>The Sepiida and Spirulida 531</p> <p>The Myopsida and Oegopsida 532</p> <p>The Octopodiformes 536</p> <p>Cephalopod Systems 540</p> <p>Feeding and Digestion 540</p> <p>Circulation 544</p> <p>Gas Exchange 544</p> <p>Excretion 549</p> <p>Nervous System and Sensory Mechanisms 552</p> <p>Locomotion and Buoyancy 569</p> <p>Life Histories 575</p> <p>Reproduction and Development 578</p> <p>Vertical Distribution and Migration 582</p> <p>Geographic Distribution 588</p> <p>References 589</p> <p><b>9 The Chordata 603</b></p> <p>Introduction 603</p> <p>Deuterostomes and the Phylogenetic Toolkit 604</p> <p>Classification 607</p> <p>Subphylum Tunicata 607</p> <p>Class Ascidiacea (2935) 607</p> <p>Class Appendicularia (68) 607</p> <p>Class Thaliacea (78) 607</p> <p>Basic Anatomy and Life History 609</p> <p>The Ascidians 609</p> <p>The Pyrosomes 610</p> <p>The Salps 613</p> <p>The Doliolids 618</p> <p>The Appendicularia 625</p> <p>The Appendicularian House 629</p> <p>Tunicate Systems 634</p> <p>Locomotion and Buoyancy 634</p> <p>Pyrosomes 634</p> <p>Salps 635</p> <p>Doliolids 637</p> <p>Appendicularia 638</p> <p>Nervous Systems and Sensory Mechanisms 638</p> <p>Pyrosomes 639</p> <p>Doliolids 639</p> <p>Salps 641</p> <p>Appendicularia 643</p> <p>Gas Exchange, Circulation, and Excretion 645</p> <p>Trophic Role 647</p> <p>Bioluminescence 653</p> <p>Predators, Parasites and Other Interactions 654</p> <p>Geographic and Vertical Distributions 656</p> <p>References 660</p> <p><b>10 The Fishes 669</b></p> <p>Introduction 669</p> <p>The Deep-Sea Groups 672</p> <p>A Brief History of Fishes 674</p> <p>The Jawless Fishes 674</p> <p>The Jawed Fishes 676</p> <p>Teleosts 676</p> <p>Elasmobranchs 677</p> <p>Holocephali 677</p> <p>The Classes of Living Fishes 678</p> <p>Class Myxini 678</p> <p>Class Petromyzonti 679</p> <p>Class Elasmobranchii 682</p> <p>Class Holocephali 691</p> <p>Class Coelacanthi 693</p> <p>Class Dipneusti 695</p> <p>Class Cladistii 695</p> <p>Class Actinopterygii 695</p> <p>Subclass Chondrostei 696</p> <p>Subclass Holostei 696</p> <p>Subclass Teleostei 696</p> <p>Fish Systems 758</p> <p>Basic Anatomy 758</p> <p>External Features and Terms 758</p> <p>Skull and Skeleton 758</p> <p>Feeding and Digestion 760</p> <p>Food Acquisition, the Three Dominant Modes: Ramming, Sucking, and Biting 760</p> <p>Food Sorting: The “Pharyngeal Jaws” 764</p> <p>Digestion: The Alimentary Canal 765</p> <p>Circulation, Respiration, and Excretion 767</p> <p>Circulation 767</p> <p>Gas-Exchange in the Teleosts and Elasmobranchs 771</p> <p>Unidirectional Flow and Countercurrent Exchange: Maximizing the Concentration Gradient 774</p> <p>Blood and Oxygen at the Respiratory Surface 775</p> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> Transport–Far Different from O<sub>2</sub> 780</p> <p>The Bohr and Haldane Effects 781</p> <p>Secretion of Gases into the Swimbladder of Fishes 782</p> <p>Nitrogen Excretion 785</p> <p>Osmotic and Ionic Regulation 785</p> <p>Introduction 785</p> <p>Osmosis and Diffusion 787</p> <p>The gills 790</p> <p>Esophagus 791</p> <p>Stomach 793</p> <p>Intestine 793</p> <p>Locomotion 793</p> <p>Musculature 793</p> <p>Red and White Muscle 795</p> <p>Drag and Swimming Costs 796</p> <p>Maximum Swim Speeds 797</p> <p>Endothermy 799</p> <p>Warm-Brained Billfishes 799</p> <p>Swimming in Mesopelagic Fishes 801</p> <p>Buoyancy 801</p> <p>The Nervous System 804</p> <p>Anatomy and Basics 804</p> <p>The Brain 806</p> <p>Cranial Nerves 807</p> <p>Sensory Mechanisms 809</p> <p>Sensory Modalities 809</p> <p>Photoreception 811</p> <p>Mechanoreception 815</p> <p>The Inner Ear and Sound Reception 818</p> <p>Electroreception 820</p> <p>Chemoreception: Olfaction and Gustation 822</p> <p>Camouflage, Bioluminescence, Photophores 824</p> <p>Camouflage 824</p> <p>Bioluminescence and Photophores 824</p> <p>References 829</p> <p><b>11 Communities 845</b></p> <p>Introduction 845</p> <p>The Gulf of Mexico 846</p> <p>The Northern California Current 847</p> <p>The Antarctic 852</p> <p>System Comparisons 858</p> <p>The Decapods and Mysids 876</p> <p>The Euphausiids 881</p> <p>The Myctophids 882</p> <p>Non-myctophid Fishes 883</p> <p>The Cephalopods 884</p> <p>Gelatinous Zooplankton and Amphipods 885</p> <p>Concluding Observations 887</p> <p>Physical and Biological Factors that Change 887</p> <p>Mean Annual Temperature 887</p> <p>Seasonal Cycling 887</p> <p>Annual Production 887</p> <p>Current Patterns 887</p> <p>References 888</p> <p><b>12 Energetics 893</b></p> <p>Introduction 893</p> <p>A Model Energy Budget 894</p> <p>Digestibility of Biomolecules 896</p> <p>Energy Value of Biomolecules 897</p> <p>Measuring Metabolic Rate 898</p> <p>Oxygen Consumption Rate-Modifying Factors 898</p> <p>Activity 899</p> <p>Experimental Protocol 900</p> <p>Routine Metabolic Rate 900</p> <p>Animal Size as a Modifier of Metabolism 901</p> <p>Life History Strategies 902</p> <p>Metabolism and Composition of Pelagic Species 914</p> <p>Metabolism of Euphausiids, Decapods, Mysids, and Amphipods 929</p> <p>Proximate Composition of Pelagic Decapods, Mysids, and Euphausiids 930</p> <p>Terminology 931</p> <p>Trends with Depth of Occurrence 931</p> <p>Seasonal Changes 932</p> <p>Trends Across Systems 932</p> <p>Metabolism of Mesopelagic Fishes 933</p> <p>Proximate Composition of Pelagic Fishes 934</p> <p>Trends with Depth of Occurrence 934</p> <p>Trends Across Systems 934</p> <p>Energy and Life History in the Midwater Fauna 935</p> <p>Midwater Fishes 936</p> <p>The Cephalopods 938</p> <p>Pteropods, Nemerteans, Annelids, Salps, and Pyrosomes 938</p> <p>The Cnidaria and Ctenophora 939</p> <p>Conclusions 939</p> <p>References 940</p> <p>Appendix A Classification of the Chordata 945</p> <p>Glossary 959</p> <p>Index 963</p>
<p><b>Joseph J. Torres</b> is Emeritus Professor of Marine Science, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL, USA. He is an internationally-renowned marine biologist with research interests in the physiological ecology of the deep- and open-oceanic realms.</p> <p><b>Thomas G. Bailey</b> is retired director of NOAA’s Caribbean Marine Research Center following a long career in deep-ocean science at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution as head of the Department of Zooplankton Ecology. He is a highly respected in-situ marine scientist known for innovative techniques in capturing and experimenting with delicate sea creatures at great depth.
<p><i>Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species</i> provides in-depth coverage of the different marine animal groups that form the communities inhabiting the ocean’s pelagic realm. This comprehensive resource explores the physical environment, foraging strategies, energetics, locomotion, sensory mechanisms, global and vertical distributions, special adaptations, and other characteristics of a wide array of marine taxa. </p> <p>Bringing together the most recent information available in a single volume, authors Joseph J. Torres and Thomas G. Bailey cover the Cnidaria (stinging jellies), the ctenophores (comb jellies), pelagic nemerteans, pelagic annelids, crustaceans, cephalopods and pelagic gastropods, invertebrate chordates, as well as micronektonic and larger fishes such as sharks, tunas, mackerels, and mahi-mahi. Detailed chapters on each pelagic group describe internal and external anatomy, classification and history, feeding and digestion, bioluminescent systems and their function, reproduction and development, respiration, excretion, nervous systems, and more. The first book of its kind to address all of the major animal groups comprising both the swimmers and drifters of the open sea, this important resource: <ul><li>Explains how different animals have adapted to live in the open-ocean environment</li> <li>Covers all sensory mechanisms of animals living in the pelagic habitat, including photoreception, mechanoreception, and chemoreception </li> <li>Treats the diverse micronekton assemblage as a community</li> <li>Includes a thorough introduction to the physical oceanography and properties of water in the pelagic realm</li></ul> <p><i>Life in the Open Ocean: The Biology of Pelagic Species</i> is an excellent senior-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in biology and biological oceanography, and a valuable reference for all those with interest in open-ocean biology.

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