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The ConstitutionToList
CHAPTER IX The Winter of 1812-1813—Bainbridge's Squadron: Actions Between "Constitution" and "Java," "Hornet" and "Peacock"—Increasing Pressure on Atlantic Coast |
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Bainbridge's squadron sails | 1 |
His plans for the cruise | 2 |
The "Essex" fails to join | 3 |
Proceedings of "Constitution" and "Hornet" | 3 |
Action between "Constitution" and "Java" | 4 |
The "Constitution" returns to the United States | 7 |
Proceedings of the "Hornet" | 7 |
Action between the "Hornet" and "Peacock" | 8 |
The "Hornet" returns | 9 |
The Chesapeake and Delaware blockaded | 9 |
Subsequent extension of blockade to the whole coast south of Newport | 10 |
Three periods into which the War of 1812 divides | 10 |
Difficulty of American frigates in getting to sea | 11 |
Difficulty of manning the navy | 12 |
Cruise of the "Chesapeake" | 13 |
Gradual suppression of American commerce | 14 |
Increasing stringency of the commercial blockade | 15 |
British occupation of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays | 16 |
Diminution of the coasting trade, and increase of land carriage | 17 |
Effects upon prices | 18 |
Abandoned condition of the western Atlantic | 20 |
Diminution in number of prizes taken by Americans | 20 |
Estimate of relative captures by the two belligerents | 21 |
Relative captures no indication of relative immunity | 23 |
American deprivation makes for the prosperity of Halifax and Canada | 23 |
The blockade the chief offensive maritime operation of Great Britain, in 1813 | 24 |
No opposition longer possible to the American Navy | 25 |
Strength of the British blockading divisions | 25 |
Escape possible only by evasion | 25 |
The brunt of the British naval operations falls upon the Chesapeake and Delaware | 26 |
CHAPTER X Campaign of 1813 on the Lake Frontier, To the Battle of Lake Erie |
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The British naval service on the lakes under Warren's supervision | 28 |
Sir James Yeo appointed to the local command | 29 |
Appoints Captain Barclay to take charge of British vessels on Lake Erie | 29 |
The Americans now superior on Ontario | 29 |
Montreal the true American objective | 29 |
Dearborn ordered to concentrate effort upon Lake Ontario | 30 |
Chauncey's first plan, to capture Kingston | 30 |
Dearborn and Chauncey ordered to proceed first against Kingston, then Toronto, then Niagara | 31 |
Dearborn's objections | 32 |
His reports obtain change of plan from the Government | 33 |
Chauncey's new plan | 33 |
The expedition leaves Sackett's Harbor | 36 |
Capture of Toronto | 36 |
Chauncey's anxiety for Sackett's Harbor | 37 |
Capture of Fort George, and British retreat from Niagara | 38 |
Effects of the American occupation of the Niagara peninsula | 40 |
American naval vessels escape from Black Rock to Erie | 41 |
British attack upon Sackett's Harbor | 42 |
Premature firing of the naval yard and vessels | 45 |
Consequent delay in Chauncey's preparations | 45 |
Yeo takes the lake with his squadron | 46 |
American reverse at Stony Creek | 46 |
The army retreats upon Fort George | 47 |
The British re-occupy the peninsula, except Fort George | 47 |
Dearborn is relieved from command | 48 |
Paralysis of the American forces at Niagara | 48 |
Yeo in temporary control of Lake Ontario | 49 |
Chauncey sails to contest control | 51 |
Characteristics of the ensuing naval campaign | 52 |
Predominant idea of Chauncey and Yeo | 52 |
Relative powers of the two squadrons | 53 |
Their encounter of August 10, 1813 | 56 |
Chauncey's extreme caution | 59 |
The engagement of September 11 | 60 |
Expediency of a "general chase" under the conditions | 61 |
CHAPTER XI The Campaign of 1813 on the Lakes and Northern Frontier—The Battle of Lake Erie |
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The American Navy on Lake Erie | 62 |
Perry's eagerness for active operations | 63 |
Coincidence of events on Lakes Erie and Ontario | 64 |
Inferiority of Perry's crews in numbers and quality | 64 |
Professional contrast between Chauncey and Perry | 65 |
Personal difficulty. Perry applies to be detached | 66 |
The Navy Department refuses | 67 |
Position of the American army on the Maumee | 67 |
Procter's attack upon Fort Meigs | 68 |
Procter and Barclay plan attack on Erie | 69 |
Re-enforcements of troops refused them | 69 |
Barclay blockades Erie | 70 |
Barclay visits Long Point | 71 |
Perry's squadron crosses the bar at Erie | 72 |
Procter attacks Fort Stephenson, and is repulsed | 73 |
Barclay retires to Malden | 74 |
Perry in control of the lake | 74 |
Destitution of provisions in the British camp and fleet | 75 |
Barclay goes out to fight | 76 |
Composition and armament of the two squadrons | 76 |
Controversy about the battle | 78 |
Dispositions of the two commanders | 80 |
Opening of the battle | 81 |
Examination of the controversy between Perry and Elliott | 82 |
Progress of the engagement | 88 |
Second stage of the battle | 89 |
The British surrender | 94 |
Meritorious conduct of Captain Barclay | 94 |
Question of credit on the American side | 95 |
Comparison of the campaigns on Erie and on Ontario | 99 |
Effect of the battle on the fate of the Northwest | 99 |
Its bearing upon the peace negotiations of the following year | 100 |
Influence of control of the water illustrated on the lakes | 101 |
CHAPTER XII The Campaign of 1813 on the Lakes and Northern Frontier, After the Battle of Lake Erie |
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Perry's victory promptly followed up | 102 |
General Harrison lands his army at Malden | 103 |
Recovery of Detroit. Battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813 | 103 |
The Indians fall away from the British | 103 |
Harrison's army transferred to Niagara | 104 |
Perry detached from the lake service | 104 |
Changed American plan of campaign on Ontario | 104 |
General James Wilkinson replaces Dearborn | 104 |
The Government designates Kingston as the objective | 105 |
The embarkation begins at Niagara under cover of the navy | 106 |
Yeo's squadron appears in the neighborhood | 106 |
Encounter between the two squadrons, September 28, 1813 | 107 |
Criticism of Chauncey's management | 108 |
Wilkinson's troops reach Sackett's Harbor | 110 |
The British re-enforce Kingston | 110 |
New change of American plan. The army to be directed on Montreal | 111 |
Intended junction with the troops from Lake Champlain, under General Hampton | 111 |
Wilkinson's army assembled within the mouth of the St. Lawrence | 114 |
It proceeds down the river | 114 |
Pursuit by a British detachment | 114 |
American reverse at Chrystler's Farm | 115 |
Hampton fails to join Wilkinson, and returns to Plattsburg | 116 |
The expedition abandoned. Wilkinson goes into winter quarters at French Mills | 116 |
Chauncey returns to Sackett's Harbor from the St. Lawrence | 117 |
Transports Harrison's division from Niagara to Sackett's Harbor | 117 |
Fleets lay up for the winter | 117 |
Disastrous close of the campaign upon the Niagara | 118 |
Americans evacuate Fort George and the peninsula | 120 |
They burn Newark | 120 |
Act disavowed by the American Government | 120 |
Sir Gordon Drummond in command in Upper Canada | 120 |
The British, under General Riall, cross the Niagara and capture Fort Niagara | 121 |
Lewiston, Youngstown, and Manchester burned in retaliation for Newark | 121 |
Buffalo burned, and three naval vessels at Black Rock | 121 |
General failure of the campaign about Lake Ontario | 122 |
Discussion of the causes | 123 |
CHAPTER XIII Seaboard Maritime Operations, 1813 |
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United States on the defensive on the seaboard | 126 |
British reasons for partially relaxing severity of blockade | 127 |
Reasons do not apply to armed vessels or coasting trade | 127 |
American Navy powerless to protect commerce | 127 |
To destroy that of the enemy its principal mission | 128 |
Cruises of the "President" and "Congress" | 128 |
Efficacy of the British convoy system | 130 |
Its chief failure is near ports of arrival | 131 |
This dictates the orders to Captain Lawrence | 131 |
Importance of the service | 132 |
Imperfect preparation of the "Chesapeake" | 132 |
Efficiency of the "Shannon." Broke's professional merit | 133 |
His challenge to Lawrence. Not received | 134 |
The "Chesapeake" sails, purposely to fight | 135 |
Account of the action | 136 |
The "Chesapeake" captured | 140 |
Analysis of the engagement | 141 |
Decatur fails to get to sea with a squadron | 148 |
Driven to take refuge in New London | 148 |
Frigates confined there for the war | 149 |
Particular anxiety of the British Government about American frigates | 150 |
Expectations of the Admiralty and the country from Warren's fleet | 151 |
Effects of the blockade of New London on local coasting | 152 |
Evidence of the closeness of the whole blockade south of New London | 153 |
Conditions at New York | 154 |
British operations in the upper Chesapeake, 1813 | 156 |
Conditions in Delaware Bay | 158 |
American precautions in Chesapeake and Delaware | 159 |
Circumspect conduct of the British vessels in the Chesapeake | 161 |
Warren brings a detachment of troops from Bermuda | 162 |
Rencounters in and near Hampton Roads | 163 |
British attack upon Craney Island. Fails | 164 |
Attack upon Hampton. Ineffective | 166 |
Further movements of the British in the Chesapeake | 167 |
Movement of licensed vessels in Chesapeake Bay during these operations | 170 |
Consequent recommendation of President to prohibit all exports during the blockade | 173 |
Rejected by Senate. Enforced in Chesapeake by executive order | 174 |
Glaring necessity for such action | 175 |
Embargo law passed in December, 1813 | 176 |
Main British fleet quits the Chesapeake. Its failure in direct military operation | 177 |
Efficacy of the blockade | 177 |
Characteristics of the different sections of the United States, as affecting their suffering from blockade | 178 |
Statistical evidences of its effects | 181 |
Prices of great staples: flour and sugar | 184 |
Dependence of Eastern and Southern States upon coasting, greater than that of Middle States | 186 |
Captain Hull's reports on Eastern coasting | 187 |
Action between the "Boxer" and "Enterprise" | 188 |
Intermission of Eastern blockade during winter | 192 |
Its resumption in increased vigor in 1814 | 192 |
Undefended conditions of the American coast | 193 |
Conditions of Southern coasting trade | 195 |
British blockade severs the mutual intercourse of the different sections of the United States | 198 |
Remarks of Representative Pearson, of North Carolina | 199 |
Message of the Governor of Pennsylvania | 200 |
Rigors of the blockade shown by figures | 201 |
Momentary importance of the North Carolina coast | 203 |
Advocacy of an internal navigation system | 204 |
Evidence of privation in the rebound of prices and shipping movement after peace | 205 |
Exposition of conditions, in a contemporary letter by a naval officer | 207 |
The experiences of the War of 1812 now largely forgotten | 208 |
Lessons to be deduced | 208 |
Pressure upon the British Government exerted, even by the puny contemporary American Navy | 209 |
Advantage of the American position | 211 |
Opinions of Presidents Washington and Adams as to the international advantage of a navy | 212 |
Policy of President Jefferson | 213 |
CHAPTER XIV Maritime Operations External to the Waters of the United States, 1813-1814 |
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Commerce destruction the one offensive maritime resort left open to the United States | 215 |
Respective objects of privateers and of naval vessels | 216 |
The approaches to the British islands the most fruitful field for operations against commerce | 216 |
Cruise of the "Argus" | 217 |
Capture of the "Argus" by the "Pelican" | 217 |
Significance of the cruise of the "Argus" | 219 |
Great number of captures by American cruisers | 220 |
Comparatively few American merchant ships captured at sea | 221 |
Shows the large scale on which British commerce throve, and the disappearance of American shipping | 221 |
Control of British Navy shown by American practice of destroying prizes | 222 |
Successes of the privateers "Scourge" and "Rattlesnake" in the North Sea | 223 |
The "Leo" and "Lion" off coast of Portugal | 224 |
British army in southern France incommoded by cruisers off Cape Finisterre | 224 |
American cruises based on French ports | 225 |
The privateer "Yankee" on the gold-coast of Africa | 226 |
Action between the American privateer "Globe" and two British packets, off Madeira | 227 |
Captures in the same neighborhood by privateers "Governor Tompkins" and "America" | 228 |
The West Indies as a field for warfare on commerce | 229 |
Activity there of American cruisers | 230 |
Stringency of the Convoy Act in the West Indies. Papers captured there by the "Constitution" | 230 |
Indirect effects of the warfare on commerce | 231 |
Cruise in the West Indies of the naval brigs "Rattlesnake" and "Enterprise" | 232 |
Combat between the privateer "Decatur" and British war schooner "Dominica" | 233 |
The "Comet" and the British ship "Hibernia" | 234 |
The "Saucy Jack" and the British ship "Pelham" | 235 |
The "Saucy Jack" with the bomb-ship "Volcano" and transport "Golden Fleece" | 236 |
Remarkable seizure by the privateer "Kemp" | 237 |
The cruises of the privateer "Chasseur" | 237 |
Combat between the "Chasseur" and the British war schooner "St. Lawrence" | 238 |
Contrasted motives of the ship of war and the privateer | 241 |
Relative success of American naval vessels and privateers in the war upon commerce | 242 |
Cruise of the frigate "Essex" | 244 |
Arrival in Valparaiso of the "Essex," and of the British ships, "Phœbe" and "Cherub" | 247 |
Action between the "Essex" and the "Phœbe" and "Cherub" | 249 |
Cruise of the "Wasp" | 253 |
Action between the "Reindeer" and "Wasp" | 254 |
Action between the "Avon" and "Wasp" | 256 |
Disappearance of the "Wasp" | 257 |
Cruise of the "Peacock" | 258 |
Action between "Epervier" and "Peacock" | 259 |
Further cruise of the "Peacock" | 261 |
Activity of American cruisers in British waters | 262 |
Agitation in Great Britain | 263 |
The effect produced due to the American people severally | 265 |
Prostration of the Government in the United States, 1814 | 265 |
Determination to accept peace without relinquishment of impressment by Great Britain | 266 |
Development of privateering | 267 |
Adaptation of vessels to the pursuit | 268 |
Practical considerations determining vessels to be employed | 269 |
Secretary of the Navy recommends squadrons of schooners for action against commerce | 270 |
Debate in Congress | 271 |
Recommendation adopted | 272 |
CHAPTER XV The Niagara Campaign, and Events on the Great Lakes, in 1814 |
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British advantages of position on the Niagara line | 274 |
Unusual mildness of winter 1813-1814 | 276 |
Effect on operations | 276 |
British project against the vessels in Put-in Bay | 277 |
Difficulty of maintaining British garrison at Mackinac | 278 |
American army abandons cantonments at French Mills | 278 |
Part goes to Lake Champlain, part to Sackett's Harbor | 278 |
American project against Kingston | 279 |
General Brown's mistake as to the Government's purpose | 280 |
Carries his army to the Niagara frontier | 281 |
Chauncey's fears for Sackett's Harbor | 281 |
Wilkinson's expedition to La Colle. Failure | 282 |
Wilkinson superseded by General Izard | 283 |
Yeo obtains momentary superiority on Ontario | 283 |
Importance of Oswego | 284 |
British capture Oswego, and destroy depots | 284 |
Yeo blockades Sackett's Harbor | 285 |
Difficulty of American situation on Ontario | 285 |
British naval disaster in attempting to intercept convoy from Oswego to Sackett's Harbor | 286 |
Yeo abandons blockade of Sackett's Harbor | 290 |
American plan of operations on northern frontier | 291 |
Brown crosses the Niagara. Surrender of Fort Erie | 294 |
Advance towards Fort George | 294 |
Battle of Chippewa | 295 |
Brown advances to Queenston | 298 |
Chauncey's failure to co-operate | 298 |
Consequent anxiety of the Government | 299 |
Decatur ordered to relieve Chauncey | 300 |
Chauncey's defence of his conduct | 300 |
Discussion of his argument | 301 |
British advantage through his inaction | 304 |
Leads to the battle of Lundy's Lane | 306 |
Battle of Lundy's Lane | 309 |
Value to Americans of the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane | 311 |
Improvement in the militia through association with Brown's army | 312 |
Brown unable longer to keep the field. Retires to Fort Erie | 314 |
British assault upon Fort Erie. Disastrous repulse | 314 |
British now embarrassed by Chauncey's blockade | 315 |
American successful sortie from Fort Erie | 316 |
Drummond abandons the siege, and retires to the Chippewa | 317 |
Brown unable to follow him | 317 |
Izard ordered from Lake Champlain to Brown's aid | 318 |
His march | 320 |
His corps arrives at the Niagara frontier | 321 |
Strength of the British position on the Chippewa | 322 |
Izard's hopelessness | 322 |
Blows up Fort Erie and retires across the Niagara | 323 |
Naval and military expedition against Mackinac | 324 |
Unsuccessful, except in destroying British transports | 324 |
British capture the American naval schooners "Tigress" and "Scorpion" | 325 |
American schooners "Ohio" and "Somers" also captured, off Fort Erie | 327 |
Loss of the "Caledonia" and "Ariel" | 327 |
The Erie fleet lays up for the winter, after the British abandon the siege of Fort Erie | 328 |
CHAPTER XVI Seaboard Operations in 1814. Washington, Baltimore, and Maine |
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Defensive character of the British northern campaign in 1814 | 329 |
Increase of vigor in their seaboard operations | 330 |
Warren relieved by Cochrane | 330 |
Intentions of the British Government | 331 |
Retaliation for American actions in Canada | 333 |
Prevost's call upon Cochrane to retaliate | 334 |
Cochrane's orders to his vessels | 334 |
Attitude of British officers | 335 |
Early operations in Chesapeake Bay, 1814 | 336 |
Relations of Barney's flotilla to the British project against Washington | 337 |
Assembling of the British combined forces in the Chesapeake | 340 |
Condition of American preparations | 342 |
British advance. Destruction of Barney's flotilla | 344 |
Retreat of American forces | 345 |
American position at Bladensburg | 346 |
Battle of Bladensburg | 347 |
Burning of Washington | 349 |
Capture and ransom of Alexandria by British frigates | 350 |
Failure of British attempt on Baltimore | 351 |
British harrying of New England coast | 352 |
Occupation of Castine, in Maine | 353 |
Destruction of the American frigate "Adams" | 354 |
CHAPTER XVII Lake Champlain and New Orleans |
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Arrival of large British re-enforcements in Canada | 355 |
Objects of the British northern campaign of 1814 | 356 |
Previous neglect of lake Champlain by both belligerents | 357 |
Operations on the lake in 1813 | 358 |
British attempt in spring of 1814 | 361 |
Macdonough in control of lake, in summer of 1814 | 362 |
British "Confiance" building to contest control | 362 |
Instructions of British Government to Prevost | 362 |
Prevost in August reports approaching readiness to move | 363 |
Treasonable actions of American citizens about Lake Champlain | 364 |
Izard, with four thousand troops, leaves Plattsburg for Sackett's Harbor | 365 |
Consequent destitution of the Champlain frontier | 365 |
British advance to Plattsburg | 366 |
Relative positions of American squadron and land forces | 367 |
Question of distance between squadron and land batteries | 368 |
Opinions of Izard and Yeo as to the relations of the batteries to the squadron | 370 |
Proper combination for Prevost | 371 |
Backward state of "Confiance" upon Downie's taking command | 372 |
Urgent letters of Prevost to Downie | 373 |
Downie's expectations in attacking | 375 |
Macdonough's dispositions | 376 |
Downie's consequent plan of engagement | 377 |
Naval battle of Lake Champlain | 377 |
Decisive character of the American victory | 381 |
Preoccupation of the British Government with European conditions | 382 |
Episodical character of the New Orleans expedition | 382 |
Negotiations of Admiral Cochrane for the co-operation of the Creek Indians | 383 |
His measures for training them, and preparations for the expedition | 384 |
Objects of the British ministry | 385 |
Attack upon Fort Bowyer, Mobile Bay, by a British squadron | 386 |
Previous occupation of West Florida to the Perdido, by the United States | 387 |
Pensacola, remaining in Spanish hands, utilized by British | 387 |
Seized by Jackson, and works destroyed | 388 |
Arrival of British expedition in Mississippi Sound | 388 |
Gunboat battle of Lake Borgne | 390 |
British advance corps reaches the bank of the Mississippi | 391 |
Night attack by American Navy and Jackson | 391 |
Sir Edward Pakenham arrives from England | 392 |
His preliminary movements | 392 |
Particular danger of Jackson's position | 393 |
Details of the final day of assault, January 8, 1815 | 394 |
The British withdraw after repulse | 396 |
Capture of Fort Bowyer, Mobile Bay | 397 |
Final naval episodes | 397 |
Sailing of the "President." She grounds on the New York bar | 398 |
Overtaken, and is captured, by the British blockading division | 398 |
The "Constitution" captures the "Cyane" and "Levant" | 404 |
Capture of the British sloop "Penguin" by the "Hornet" | 407 |
CHAPTER XVIII The Peace Negotiations |
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Early overtures towards peace by the United States | 409 |
Castlereagh refuses to entertain the project of abandoning impressment | 410 |
Russia, in 1812, suggests negotiations for peace under mediation of the Czar | 411 |
United States accepts, but Great Britain refuses | 412 |
Great Britain, through the Czar, offers a direct negotiation, 1813 | 412 |
The United States accepts, and names five commissioners | 413 |
The original instructions to the American Commission, 1813 | 413 |
Reduced, 1814, through pressure of the war | 414 |
Confident attitude of Great Britain at the opening of the negotiations | 415 |
Hostile spirit in Great Britain towards the United States | 415 |
The instructions to the British Commission | 416 |
The demand on behalf of the Indians | 417 |
Faulty presentation of it by the British Commission | 418 |
British claim concerning the Great Lakes and boundaries | 419 |
Discussion of these propositions | 419 |
Reasons for British advocacy of the Indians | 421 |
Final reduction of British demand for the Indians and acceptance by American Commission | 423 |
Concern of British ministry for the opinion of Europe | 424 |
News received of the capture of Washington | 424 |
Sanguine anticipations based upon reports from Cochrane and Ross | 424 |
The British Government suggests the uti possidetis as the basis of agreement | 425 |
The American Commission refuse, and offer instead the status ante bellum | 426 |
News arrives of the British defeat on Lake Champlain | 426 |
The political instructions to the commanders of the New Orleans expedition, to be communicated for the satisfaction of the continental powers | 427 |
Urgency of the European situation | 428 |
Dangerous internal state of France | 428 |
Consequent wish of the British ministry to withdraw Wellington from Paris | 429 |
He is pressed to accept the American command | 429 |
Wellington thus brought into the discussion of terms | 430 |
He pronounces against the basis of uti possidetis | 431 |
The British ministry accept his judgment | 431 |
The status ante bellum accepted by Great Britain | 431 |
Subsequent rapid conclusion of agreement | 432 |
Terms of the Treaty | 432 |
Signed by the commissioners, December 24, 1814 | 434 |
Despatched to America by a British ship of war | 435 |
Ratified by the United States, February 17, 1815 | 435 |
Gallatin's opinion of the effect of the war upon the people of the United States | 436 |
INDEX | 439 |
VOLUME TWO. | |
The Chase of the Constitution | Frontispiece |
From the painting by S. Salisbury Tuckerman. | |
The Quarterdeck of the Java Before the Surrender | Page 6 |
From a drawing by Henry Reuterdahl. | |
The New Carrying Trade | Page 18 |
From a drawing by Stanley M. Arthurs. | |
The Retreat of the British From Sackett's Harbor | Page 44 |
From a drawing by Henry Reuterdahl. | |
The Fleets of Chauncey and Yeo Manœuvring on Lake Champlain | Page 52 |
From a drawing by Carlton T. Chapman. | |
Captain Isaac Chauncey | Page 60 |
From the engraving by D. Edwin, after the painting by J. Woods. | |
Captain Sir James Lucas Yeo | Page 60 |
From the engraving by H.R. Cook, after the painting by A. Buck. | |
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry | Page 66 |
From the painting by Gilbert Stuart, in the possession of O.H. Perry, Esq. | |
Perry Receiving the Surrender of the British at the Battle of Lake Erie | Page 94 |
From a drawing by Henry Reuterdahl. | |
Captain Philip Bowes Vere Broke | Page 134 |
From the mezzotint by Charles Turner, after the painting by Samuel Lane, in the possession of Lady Saumarez. | |
The Capture of the Chesapeake by the Shannon—The Struggle on the Quarterdeck | Page 138 |
From a drawing by Henry Reuterdahl. | |
Captain James Lawrence | Page 140 |
From the painting by Gilbert Stuart, in the possession of the New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, N.J. | |
The Burning of a Privateer Prize | Page 222 |
From a drawing by Henry Reuterdahl. | |
Captain David Porter | Page 244 |
From the painting by Charles Wilson Peale, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. | |
Captain Thomas Macdonough | Page 360 |
From the painting by Gilbert Stuart, in the Century Club, New York, by permission of the owner, Rodney Macdonough, Esq. | |
The Battle of Lake Champlain | Page 380 |
From a drawing by Henry Reuterdahl. |
VOLUME TWO. | |
Plan of Engagement between Constitution and Java | Page 4 |
Plan of Engagement between Hornet and Peacock | Page 8 |
Map of Niagara Peninsula | Page 38 |
Surroundings of Sackett's Harbor | Page 43 |
Plan of Chauncey's Engagement, August 10, 1813 | Page 58 |
Plan of Erie Harbor, 1814 | Page 72 |
Diagram of the Battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813 | Page 82 |
Chauncey and Yeo, September 28, 1813 | Page 108 |
Chesapeake and Shannon | Page 136 |
Outline Map of Chesapeake Bay and Rivers | Page 156 |
Enterprise and Boxer | Page 188 |
Argus and Pelican | Page 218 |
Montague, Pelham, and Globe | Page 228 |
Chasseur and St. Lawrence | Page 238 |
Wasp and Reindeer | Page 254 |
Sketch of the March of the British Army, under General Ross, from the 19th to the 29th August, 1814 | Page 344 |
Tracing from pencil sketch of Battle of Lake Champlain made by Commodore Macdonough | Page 368 |
Battle of Lake Champlain | Page 377 |
The Landing of the British Army, its Encampments and Fortifications on the Mississippi; Works they erected on their Retreat; with the Encampments and Fortifications of the American Army | Page 392 |
The squadron under Commodore William Bainbridge, the third which sailed from the United States in October, 1812, started nearly three weeks after the joint departure of Rodgers and Decatur. It consisted of the "Constitution" and sloop of war "Hornet," then in Boston, and of the "Essex," the only 32-gun frigate in the navy, fitting for sea in the Delaware. The original armament of the latter, from which she derived her rate, had been changed to forty 32-pounder carronades and six long twelves; total, forty-six guns. It is noticeable that this battery, which ultimately contributed not merely to her capture, but to her almost helplessness under the fire of an enemy able to maintain his distance out of carronade range, was strongly objected to by Captain Porter. On October 14 he applied to be transferred to the "Adams," giving as reasons "my insuperable dislike to carronades, and the bad sailing of the "Essex," which render her, in my opinion, the worst frigate in the service."[1] The request was not granted, and Porter sailed in command of the ship on October 28, the two other vessels having left Boston on the 26th.
In order to facilitate a junction, Bainbridge had sent Porter full details of his intended movements.[2] A summary of these will show his views as to a well-planned commerce-destroying cruise. Starting about October 25, he would steer first a course not differing greatly from the general direction taken by Rodgers and Decatur, to the Cape Verde Islands, where he would fill with water, and by November 27 sail for the island Fernando de Noronha, two hundred and fifty miles south of the Equator, and two hundred miles from the mainland of Brazil, then a Portuguese colony, of which the island was a dependency. The trade winds being fair for this passage, he hoped to leave there by December 15, and to cruise south along the Brazilian coast as far as Rio de Janeiro, until January 15. In the outcome the meeting of the "Constitution" with the "Java" cut short her proceedings at this point; but Bainbridge had purposed to stay yet another month along the Brazilian coast, between Rio and St. Catherine's, three hundred miles south. Thence he would cross the South Atlantic to the neighborhood of St. Helena, remaining just beyond sight of it, to intercept returning British Indiamen, which frequently stopped there. Porter failed to overtake the other vessels, on account of the bad sailing of the "Essex." He arrived at Fernando de Noronha December 14, one day before that fixed by Bainbridge as his last there; but the "Constitution" and "Hornet" had already gone on to Bahia, on the Brazilian mainland, seven hundred miles to the southwest, leaving a letter for him to proceed off Cape Frio, sixty miles from the entrance of Rio. He reached this rendezvous on the 25th, but saw nothing of Bainbridge, who had been detained off Bahia by conditions there. The result was that the "Essex" never found her consorts, and finally struck out a career for herself, which belongs rather to a subsequent period of the war. We therefore leave her spending her Christmas off Cape Frio.
The two other vessels had arrived off Bahia on December 13. Here was lying a British sloop of war, the "Bonne Citoyenne," understood to have on board a very large amount of specie for England. The American vessels blockaded her for some days, and then Captain Lawrence challenged her to single combat; Bainbridge acquiescing, and pledging his honor that the "Constitution" should remain out of the way, or at least not interfere. The British captain, properly enough, declined. That his ship and her reported value were detaining two American vessels from wider depredations was a reason more important than any fighting-cock glory to be had from an arranged encounter on equal terms, and should have sufficed him without expressing the doubt he did as to Bainbridge's good faith.[3] On the 26th the Commodore, leaving Lawrence alone to watch the British sloop, stood out to sea with the "Constitution," cruising well off shore; and thus on the 29th, at 9 A.M., being then five miles south of the port and some miles from land, discovered two strange sail, which were the British frigate "Java," Captain Henry Lambert, going to Bahia for water, with an American ship, prize to her.