Public Health Nutrition, 2nd Edition
Judith L. Buttriss, Ailsa A. Welch, John M. Kearney, Susan A. Lanham‐New
Nutrition Research Methodologies
Julie A. Lovegrove, Leanne Hodson, Sangita Sharma, Susan A. Lanham‐New
Clinical Nutrition, 2nd Edition
Marinos Elia, Olle Ljungqvist, Rebecca J. Stratton, Susan A. Lanham‐New
Sport and Exercise Nutrition
Susan A. Lanham‐New, Samantha Stear, Susan Shirreffs, Adam Collins
Nutrition and Metabolism, 2nd Edition
Susan A. Lanham‐New, Ian A. MacDonald, Helen M. Roche
Third Edition
Edited on behalf of The Nutrition Society by
Susan A. Lanham‐New
Head of the Department, Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Thomas R. Hill
Professor of Nutrition, Newcastle University, Newcastle‐Upon‐Tyne, UK
Alison M. Gallagher
Head of the Doctoral College, Ulster University, Coleraine, NI
Hester H. Vorster
Emeritus Research Professor, North‐West University, Potchefstroom, ZA
This edition first published 2020
© 2020 The Nutrition Society
Edition History
1e, 2002; 2e, 2009 The Nutrition Society
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The right of Susan A. Lanham‐New, Thomas R. Hill, Alison M. Gallagher, and Hester H. Vorster on behalf of The Nutrition Society to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Lanham‐New, S. A., Editor‐in‐Chief. | Hill, T.R., Editor. | Gallagher, A.M., Editor. | Hester H. Vorster Editor. | The Nutrition Society (UK)
Title: Introduction to Human Nutrition / edited on behalf of The Nutrition Society by Professor Susan A. Lanham‐New, Professor Thomas R. Hill, Professor Alison M. Gallagher, Professor Hester H. Vorster.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Series: Nutrition Society Textbook Series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019024477| ISBN 9781119476979 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119477013 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119477020 (epub)
Subjects: | MESH: Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | Food
Classification: LCC QP141 | NLM QU 145 | DDC 612.3–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024477
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Abstract Curve © jxfzsy/iStock.com
Dr Cristina Arroyo
Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Professor David A. Bender
University College London, London, UK
Dr Declan J. Bolton
Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Professor Dr Dr Anja Bosy‐Westphal
Christian‐Albrechts‐University, Kiel, Germany
Dr Catherine M. Burgess
Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Dr Angela Carlin
Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
Professor Kevin D. Cashman
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Professor Stephen C. Cunnane
Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
Dr Martin Danaher
Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Professor Paul Deurenberg
Nutrition Consultant, Philippines
Miss Cassandra H. Ellis
The Nutrition Society, London, UK
Professor Alison M. Gallagher
Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
Dr James Gallagher
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Professor Bruce A. Griffin
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Professor Thomas R. Hill
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Professor Susan A. Lanham‐New
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Professor Georg Lietz
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Professor Una E. MacIntyre
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Professor J. Alfredo Martínez
Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
IMDEAfood CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Professor Miguel A. Martínez‐González
Univerisdad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Professor John C. Mathers
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Dr Aideen McKevitt
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Dr Marcela Moraes Mendes
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Professor D. Joe Millward
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Professor Dr med. Manfred James Müller
Christian‐Albrechts‐University, Kiel, Germany
Professor Marie H. Murphy
Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
Dr Lisa O’Connor
Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Dr Patrick J. O’Mahony
Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Dr Beluah Pretorius
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Professor Hettie C. Schönfeldt
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Professor JJ. Strain
Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
Dr Christina Tlustos
Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Dr Estefania Toledo
Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Professor Hester H. Vorster
North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Dr Gareth A. Wallis
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Professor Friedeburg AM. Wenhold
North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Professor Gary Williamson
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Dr Alison J. Yeates
Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
Dr Kate M. Younger
Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
I am absolutely delighted in my capacity as Editor‐in‐Chief (E‐i‐C) of the Nutrition Society Textbook Series to introduce the 3rd Edition of Introduction to Human Nutrition (IHN3e). The production of this Third Edition represents a significant milestone for the Society’s Textbook Series, given that it is now exactly twenty years on since the production of the 1st Edition of IHN and a decade since the production of the 2nd Edition of IHN.
The Editorial Team of Introduction to Human Nutriton 3rd Edition, namely Professor Alison Gallagher (University of Ulster), Professor Thomas Hill (University of Newcastle) and Professor Hester Vorster (North‐West University) have been absolutely fantastic; meticulously ensuring that each chapter is updated & accurate, and ensuring that new aspects of IHN3e are also brought into the Book including chapters on physical activity and phytochemicals. IHN3e comprises of a total of 17 chapters, each with their own unique summary of the take home messages. How indebted we are to have so many experts in the Field who have written chapters to make IHN3e a complete and thorough review of the area of Nutritional Sciences ‐ a must read!
IHN3e is intended for those with an interest in nutritional science whether they are nutritionists, food scientists, dietitians, medics, nursing staff or other allied health professionals. We hope that both undergraduate and postgraduate students will find the book of great help with their respective studies and that the book will really put nutrition science as a discipline into context.
It is a great honour for our 3rd Edition of IHN to have the Foreword written by the The Earl of Selborne GBE FRS DL and we are most grateful to him for his support of our work at the Society, particularly given his position as Vice‐President of the Foundation for Science and Technology and as a Fellow of the Royal Society. We are most grateful to the following individuals for their support and most generous Forewords in Public Health Nutrition2e, Sport and Exercise Nutrition1e, Clinical Nutrition2e and Nutrition Research Methods1e; namely – Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal; Professor Richard Budgett OBE, Chief Medical Officer for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and now Medical and Scientific Director at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) based in Lausanne, Switzerland; Dame Sally Davies, Chief Medical Officer (CMO) for England, and the UK Government’s Principal Medical Adviser; Professor Lord John Krebs, Principal, Jesus College, University of Oxford and our first Chairman of the UK Food Standards Agency. We are now planning ahead with respect to the production of the 3rd Edition of Nutrition and Metabolism and the 2nd Edition of Sport and Exercise Nutrition as well as bringing a seventh book to the Textbook Series!
The Society is most grateful to the Textbook publishers, Wiley‐Blackwell for their continued help with the production of the textbook and in particular: James Watson – Senior Commissioning Editor; Jennifer Seward ‐ Senior Project Editor; Baskar Anandraj ‐ Production Editor. In addition, I would like to acknowledge formally my great personal appreciation to: Professor G.Q. Max Lu AO, FRSC, FIChemE, Vice‐Chancellor & President of the University of Surrey; Professor Michael Kearney MA, PhD, CPhys, FInstP, CEng, FIET, FIMA, Provost & Executive Vice‐President of the University of Surrey; Professor Helen Griffiths BSc, PhD, FRSB, Executive Dean of the Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey for their respective great encouragement of the nutritional sciences field in general, especially in light of Surrey’s success in the 2017/2018 Queen’s Anniversary Prize for our work in Food and Nutrition for Health, and for their support of the Textbook Series production in particular.
Sincerest appreciation indeed to the Nutrition Society President, Professor Philip Calder (University of Southampton) and President‐Elect, Professor Julie Lovegrove (University of Reading) for their great support and belief in the Textbook Series. With special thanks to past‐Honorary Publications Officer, Professor Paul Trayhurn (just announced as the first recipient of the Nutrition Society Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Award) for his tremendous wise counsel to me during the six years we have worked together on the Textbooks and to the present‐Honorary Publications Officer Professor Jayne Woodside (Queen’s University, Belfast) for being such a great sounding board and I look forward to working with her going forward on the production of further Editions of the Textbooks. And finally an enormous thank you indeed to: Mark Hollingsworth MBA, FInstLM, Chief Executive Officer & Company Secretary of the Nutrition Society for his unstinting support of the Textbook Series and to Cassandra Ellis MSc RNutr (Public Health), Deputy Editor on the Textbook Series for her pivotal continued contribution to the development of the Series.
Finally, as I always write and absolutely do not forget (ever, ever!), the Textbook Series is indebted to the forward thinking focus that Professor Michael Gibney (University College Dublin) had at that time of the Textbook Series development. It remains such a tremendous privilege for me to continue to follow in his footsteps as the second E‐i‐C.
I really hope that you will find the textbook a great resource of information and inspiration ……… please enjoy, and with so many grateful thanks to all those who made it happen!
With my warmest of wishes indeed
E‐i‐C, Nutrition Society Textbook Series
Professor of Human Nutrition and Head,
Department of Nutritional Sciences
School of Biosciences and Medicine,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
University of Surrey
In 1941, a group of leading physiologists, biochemists and medical scientists recognised that the emerging discipline of Nutrition needed its own Learned Society; hence The Nutrition Society was established. The mission was, and remains, “to advance the scientific study of nutrition and its application to the maintenance of human and animal health”. The Nutrition Society is the largest Learned Society for Nutrition in Europe and is internationally respected for its scientific publications, conferences and training workshops.
The Society’s first journal, The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society published in 1944, records the scientific presentations made to the Society. Shortly afterwards, in 1947, the British Journal of Nutrition was established for the publication of primary research on all aspects of human and animal nutrition by scientists from around the world. Recognising the needs of students and their teachers for authoritative reviews on topical issues in nutrition, the Society began publishing Nutrition Research Reviews in 1988. The journal Public Health Nutrition, the first international journal dedicated to this important and growing area, was subsequently launched in 1998. The Society’s first open access journal, the Journal of Nutritional Science, was launched in 2012. The Society is constantly evolving in response to emerging areas of nutritional science and has most recently launched the journal Gut Microbiome, an open access journal published in partnership with Cambridge University Press.
The Nutrition Society Textbook Series, first established by Professor Michael Gibney (University College Dublin) in 1998 and now under the direction of the second Editor‐in‐Chief, Professor Susan Lanham‐New (University of Surrey), continues to be an extraordinarily successful venture for the Society. This series of nutrition textbooks is designed for use worldwide and this has been achieved by translating the Textbook Series into many different languages including Spanish, Greek, Portuguese, Italian and Indonesian. The success of the Textbook Series is a tribute to the quality of the authorship, and the value placed on them in the UK and Worldwide as a core educational tool and a resource for practitioners.
I am very pleased to note Introduction to Human Nutrition is the most successful title in the Society’s textbook series with over 28,000 copies sold to date across the World in all formats and translations. For many years I was involved in monitoring and determining science policy, whether as chair of a research council, as chair of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee or as chair of the Foundation for Science and Technology. I have learned how important high‐quality science is for underpinning sound policies, both in the UK and world‐wide. This Textbook is uniquely placed in bringing together science and the practical application of methodologies in nutrition. It is a most valuable resource and I commend it to those working, studying and having an interest in the field of Nutritional Sciences.
www.wiley.com/go/lanham‐new/humannutrition 
