Established by WALTER A. SHEWHART and SAMUEL S. WILKS
Editors
David J. Balding, Noel A.C. Cressie, Garrett M. Fitzmaurice, Harvey Goldstein, Geert Molenberghs, David W. Scott, Adrian F.M. Smith, and Ruey S. Tsay
Editors Emeriti
Vic Barnett, Ralph A. Bradley, J. Stuart Hunter, J.B. Kadane, David G. Kendall, and Jozef L. Teugels
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
Second Edition
This edition first published 2020
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
John Wiley & Sons (1e, 2012)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Jichuan Wang and Xiaoqian Wang to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for
ISBN: 9781119422709
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Jichuan Wang Graph Design
The first edition of this book was one of a few books that provide detailed instruction for how to commonly fit structural equation models using Mplus – a popular software program for latent variable models. The intent of the book is to provide a resource for learning how to practically conduct structural equation modeling (SEM) using Mplus in real research and a reference guide for structural equation models.
Since the first publication of the book in 2012, Mplus has undergone several major version updates (from Edition 6.12 to Edition 8.2). The updates have added many new features, including some of the latest development in SEM. In the current edition of the book, we expand the first edition to cover more structural equation models, including some that are newly developed. All of the example Mplus programs have also been updated using Mplus 8.2. The following are the updates by chapter.
Chapter 1 . Descriptions of the Bayes estimator and corresponding model fit evaluation are included.
Chapter 2. New topics/models are added, including: effect coding for factor scale, two‐parameter logistic (2PL) item response theory (IRT) models, two‐parameter normal ogive (2PNO) IRT models, two‐parameter logistic form of graded response models (2PL GRM), two‐parameter normal ogive form of graded response models (2PNO GRM), bifactor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models, and Bayesian CFA models, as well as approach for estimating plausible values of latent variables.
Chapter 3. Added topics include the moderate mediating effect model, bootstrapp approach for SEM, using plausible values of latent variables in secondary analysis, and Bayesian SEM.
Chapter 4. The new topics/models added in this chapter include: latent growth modeling (LGM) with individually varying times of observations, and dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). The former addresses the challenge in longitudinal data in which assessment times and specific time intervals between measurement occasions vary by individuals. The latter is a recently developed model for time series analysis in a SEM framework on intensive longitudinal data (ILD). Both DSEM and its variant – residual DSEM (RDSEM) – with and without a distal outcome are demonstrated using simulated data.
Chapter 5. Added topics include multigroup CFA with categorical indicators to evaluate measurement invariance of scales with categorical indicator variables.
Chapter 6. Several topics/models are added in this chapter, including: various auxiliary variable approaches, such as the pseudo‐class (PC) method, the three‐step method (automatic implementation and manual implementation), Lanza's method, and the BCH method (automatic implementation and manual implementation); latent class analysis (LCA) with residual covariances; and the longitudinal latent class analysis (LLCA) model, which extends LCA to longitudinal data analysis.
Chapter 7. Power analysis and sample size estimation for LCA with dichotomous items are added.
The book covers the basic concepts, methods, and applications of SEM, including some recently developed advanced structural equation models. Written in non‐mathematical terms, a variety of structural equation models for studying both cross‐sectional and longitudinal data are discussed. The book provides step‐by‐step instructions for model specification, estimation, evaluation, and modification for SEM practice, and thus it is very practical. Examples of various structural equation models are demonstrated using real‐world research data. The internationally well‐known computer program Mplus 8.2 is used for model demonstrations, and Mplus program syntax is provided for each example model. While the data sets used for the example models in the book are drawn from public health studies, the methods and analytical methods are applicable to all fields of quantitative social studies. Data sets are available from the first author of the book upon request.
The target readership of the book is teachers, graduate students, and researchers who are interested in understanding the basic ideas, theoretical frameworks, and methods of SEM, as well as how to implement various structural equation models using Mplus. The book can be used as a resource for learning SEM and a reference guide for conducting SEM using Mplus. The original version of the book has also been used by professors as a textbook at universities both within and outside the United States. Many researchers and graduate students have found the book helpful for learning and practicing SEM. We believe the second edition of the book will better serve as a useful reference for SEM with Mplus. Readers are encouraged to contact the first author at jiwang@gwu.edu or jiwang@cnmc.org with regard to feedback, suggestions, and questions.